NeckSIM: Detailed Spine Whiplash

I new series of high fidelity function modules are now available in LifeMOD/BodySIM. This demo features the new module LifeMOD/NeckSIM.

For this example, the single base segment of the neck is automatically discretized using LifeMOD/NeckSIM into C1-C7 vertebrae elements. In addition to the individual parts, bushing forces representing disk compression and shear forces are automatically generated between the segments.

The model is stabilized with a set of ligament forces for the interspinous, flaval, anterior longitudinal and capsule.

Muscle force sets representing the trapezius, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, longus colli and the sternocleidomastoid are created on the model. The Hill-Formulation muscle model is used to model the muscle dynamics. Tissue sliding elements are created for each muscle to permit the interaction between the tissue and bone.

A translational joint is used between the upper_torso and ground to provide a translational acceleration profile to the model representing a frontal impact, a rear impact and a lateral impact.

Key skills exercised in this tutorial include:

• Creating a model, joints, posture and motion from the model library
• Importing a club head and grip from the model library
• Modeling the flexible golf club
• Training the joints to produce the necessary torques to drive the human model
• Creating foot/floor forces
• Creating hand/club contact forces

Sections

• Generating the Body Segments
• Reducing the Model
• Generating the Joints
• Using NeckSIM to Discretize the Neck
• Creating the Ligaments
• Creating the Trapezius Muscle Group
• Creating the Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Group
• Creating the Semispinalis Cervicis Muscle Group
• Creating the Longus Colli Muscle Group
• Creating the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Group
• Setting up the Acceleration Mechanism
• Running the Simulations for the Frontal, Rear and Side Impacts
• Interrogating the Results
• Further

Generating the Body Segments

In this phase the human body models are generated. The body consists of 19 segments and 18 joints with the mass properties of a 95% Chinese male and the joint characteristics of the Hybrid III crash dummy.

Figure 1: Body segment creation panel

Step 2: Create the body
Enter "World" for the world model name and "Danny" for the human body name. Units are Inch-Lbm-Llbf and the color is set to red. Hands are set to grip and the full body model is specified. The model is created from an anthropometric database named "GeBOD". The body will be constructed for a 170 lb person of 70 inches in height. Select OK to set parameters and select Create Body Parameter Table to create the segment measurement table and Create Human Model from Parameter Table to create the model.

Reducing the Model

The segments of the full body model are reduced to concentrate on the head, neck and upper_torso. The upper_torso will be fixed to ground in subsequent steps.

Figure 2: Reducing the full body model

Figure 3: Body segment delete panel to remove all segments except for the head, neck and upper_torso

Step 3: Bring up segment delete panel
Select SEGMENTS in the main-menu and DELETE in the sub-menu.

Step 4: Delete the extra segments
Use the body segment delete panel to remove the segments as displayed in figure 3.

Generating the Joints

In this phase, the human segments created in the first phase are connected together with kinematic joints. At the same time torque functions are created at each joint degree of freedom. The torque function is created from the Hybrid III database of torque functions. The torque is based on a nonlinear joint stiffness, damping, friction and hysteresis (losses), specific to each DOF for each joint as derived from the physical Hybrid III crash dummy. A scale factor of 1.0 us used which represents the baseline stiffness of the Hybrid III crash dummy.

Figure 4: Scapular, thoracic and lumbar joints created in this step.

Figure 5: Panel to create HIII joints on the body model.

Step 5: Bring up joint create panel
Select JOINTS in the main-menu and CREATE BASE SET in the sub-menu. Select HYBRID III CRASH DUMMY STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS. Enter a scale factor of 1.0 to use the default stiffness of the crash dummy.

Step 6: Create the base joints on the spine, and arms
Check Spinal, Left Arm and Right Arm and select EXECUTE to build the base joints.

Using NeckSIM to Discretize the Neck

LifeMOD/NeckSIM is now used to automatically discretize the single base neck segment. Each vertebrae will be made into a part with distributed mass properties from the single neck segment. In addition, the disk forces between the vertebrae will be modeled using 6 degree-of-freedom springs.

Figure 6: Neck after auto discretization of NeckSIM. Single neck segment is dispersed into c1-c7 vertebrae components. Disk are represented as 6 degree-of-freedom springs.

Figure 7: NeckSIM panel used to auto discretize the single neck segment into the vertebrae and disk forces.

Step 7: Zoom in on the neck and bring up the discretize segment panel
Use the ADAMS/View display tools to rotate the view to the side and zoom in on the neck. Turn of the Joint Graphics using the BodySIM Display Toolbox. Select PLUGINS in the main-menu and NECKSIM in the sub-menu. Select Disks Modeled as Bushing Joints with Averaged DeJager Data as the Type of Joint.

Step 8: Auto discretize the neck
Select LOAD THE CURRENT JOINT ANGLES. The panel should be filled with all 0's, since the model is still in the created position. Any new angle entered will be an offset from this position.

Create the Ligaments

After the neck has been discretized into its individual vertebrae, ligament forces are generated. Various levels of ligaments will be created including the interspinous, flaval, longitudinal and the facet joint capsule ligaments.

Figure 8: Side view showing the interspinous, flaval and anterior longitudinal ligaments

Figure 9: Rear view showing the left and right fact joint capsule ligaments

Figure 10: The panel used to create the ligaments.

Step 9: Bring up the single soft tissue panel
Select SOFT TISSUES on the main-menu and CREATE SINGLE on the sub-menu.

Step 10: Create the interspinous ligaments
Use the panel above to create the ligaments. In this example each ligament will have a strain stiffness of 100 and damping of 2.0. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each ligament

Step 11: Reduce the ligament graphical scale to 2
Select Ligaments/Tendons as the tissue in the BodySIM Display Toolbox. Use the slider to scale the tissues to a level of 2.

Step 12: Create the flaval ligaments
Use the panel above to create the ligaments. In this example each ligament will have a strain stiffness of 100 and damping of 2.0. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each ligament

Step 13: Create the anterior longitudinal ligaments
Use the panel above to create the ligaments. In this example each ligament will have a strain stiffness of 100 and damping of 2.0. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each ligament

Step 14: Change to rear view
Use the ADAMS/View toolbox to rotate the model to the rear view.

Step 15: Create the facet joint capsule ligaments
Use the panel above to create the ligaments. In this example each ligament will have a strain stiffness of 100 and damping of 2.0. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each ligament

Create the Trapezius Muscle Group

After the ligaments are created on the model, the trapezius muscle group is created. In this example, Hill Muscle elements will be used to describe the muscle dynamics. The data library is used to create EMG data to drive the activations of the muscle elements. To permit muscle interaction with hard tissues and other obstructions, the muscle paths will be defined using "slide points".

Figure 11: The trapezius muscle group before slide points are introduced (left) and after (right).

Figure 12: The panel used to read the EMG data from the library

Figure 13: The panel used to create the hill muscle elements.

Figure 14: The panel used to create slide points on the muscle elements.

Step 16: Bring up the import test data panel
Select XCHANGE on the main-menu and IMPORT TEST DATA on the sub-menu.

Step 17: Read in the EMG data for the muscle activations
Select Test Data Library and EMG_ON_175ms. Select Apply to build the data spline from the external library.

Step 18: Bring up the single soft tissue panel
Select SOFT TISSUES on the main-menu and CREATE SINGLE on the sub-menu. Select Hill-Type Muscle Elements.

Step 19: Create the trapezius muscles
Use the data from the panel above to create the trapezius muscles. Use the Hill Muscle Element Properties listed above. Enter .World.EMG_Activations for the Data Spline. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each muscle.

Step 20: Reduce the muscle graphical scale to 2
Select Muscles as the Tissues in the BodySIM Display Toolbox and use the slider to set the scale to 2 to reduce the graphical size of the muscles.

Step 21: Bring up the slide point create panel
Select SOFT TISSUES on the main-menu and EDIT PROPERTIES on the sub-menu. Select the light bulb next to Slide Point Based to bring up the slide point based tissue wrapping tool.

Step 22: Create slide points on the trapezius muscles
Use the panel above to create the slide points on the trapezius muscles. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each muscle.

Create the Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Group

After the ligaments are created on the model, the semispinalis muscle group is created. In this example, Hill Muscle elements will be used to describe the muscle dynamics. To permit muscle interaction with hard tissues and other obstructions, the muscle paths will be defined using "slide points".

Figure 15: The semispinalis capitis muscle group before slide points are introduced (left) and after (right).

Step 23: Bring up the single soft tissue panel and toggle existing muscles off
Select SOFT TISSUES on the main-menu and CREATE SINGLE on the sub-menu. Select Hill-Type Muscle Elements. Select Muscles and toggle off and select tissue attachments and toggle off using the BodySIM Display Toolbox.

Step 24: Create the semispinalis capitis muscles
Use the panel above to create the trapezius muscles. Use the Hil Muscle Element Properties listed above. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each muscle.

Step 25: Bring up the slide point create panel
Select SOFT TISSUES on the main-menu and EDIT PROPERTIES on the sub-menu. Select the light bulb next to Slide Point Based to bring up the slide point based tissue wrapping tool.

Step 26: Create slide points on the semispinalis capitis muscles
Use the panel above to create the slide points on the trapezius muscles. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each muscle.

Create the Semispinalis Cervicis Muscle Group

After the ligaments are created on the model, the semispinalis cervicis muscle group is created. In this example, Hill Muscle elements will be used to describe the muscle dynamics. To permit muscle interaction with hard tissues and other obstructions, the muscle paths will be defined using "slide points".

Figure 16: The semispinalis cervicis muscle group before slide points are introduced (left) and after (right).

Step 27: Bring up the single soft tissue panel and toggle existing muscles off
Select SOFT TISSUES on the main-menu and CREATE SINGLE on the sub-menu. Select Hill-Type Muscle Elements. Select Muscles and toggle off and select tissue attachments and toggle off using the BodySIM Display Toolbox.

Step 28: Create the semispinalis capitis muscles
Use the panel above to create the trapezius muscles. Use the Hil Muscle Element Properties listed above. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each muscle.

Step 29: Bring up the slide point create panel
Select SOFT TISSUES on the main-menu and EDIT PROPERTIES on the sub-menu. Select the light bulb next to Slide Point Based to bring up the slide point based tissue wrapping tool.

Step 30: Create slide points on the semispinalis capitis muscles
Use the panel above to create the slide points on the semispinalis capitis muscles. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each muscle.

Create the Longus Colli Muscle Group

After the ligaments are created on the model, the longus colli muscle group is created. In this example, Hill Muscle elements will be used to describe the muscle dynamics. To permit muscle interaction with hard tissues and other obstructions, the muscle paths will be defined using "slide points".

Figure 17: The longus colli muscle group before slide points are introduced (left) and after (right).

Step 31: Bring up the single soft tissue panel and toggle existing muscles off
Select SOFT TISSUES on the main-menu and CREATE SINGLE on the sub-menu. Select Hill-Type Muscle Elements. Select Muscles and toggle off and select tissue attachments and toggle off using the BodySIM Display Toolbox.

Step 32: Create the longus colli muscles
Use the panel above to create the longus colli muscles. Use the Hil Muscle Element Properties listed above. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each muscle.

Step 33: Bring up the slide point create panel
Select SOFT TISSUES on the main-menu and EDIT PROPERTIES on the sub-menu. Select the light bulb next to Slide Point Based to bring up the slide point based tissue wrapping tool.

Step 34: Create slide points on the longus colli muscles
Use the panel above to create the slide points on the longus colli muscles. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each muscle.

Create the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Group

After the ligaments are created on the model, the sternocleidomastoid muscle group is created. In this example, Hill Muscle elements will be used to describe the muscle dynamics. To permit muscle interaction with hard tissues and other obstructions, the muscle paths will be defined using "slide points".

Figure 18: The sternocleidomastoid muscle group before slide points are introduced (left) and after (right).

Step 35: Bring up the single soft tissue panel and toggle existing muscles off
Select SOFT TISSUES on the main-menu and CREATE SINGLE on the sub-menu. Select Hill-Type Muscle Elements. Select Muscles and toggle off and select tissue attachments and toggle off using the BodySIM Display Toolbox.

Step 36: Create the sternocleidomastoid muscles
Use the panel above to create the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Use the Hil Muscle Element Properties listed above. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each muscle.

Step 37: Bring up the slide point create panel
Select SOFT TISSUES on the main-menu and EDIT PROPERTIES on the sub-menu. Select the light bulb next to Slide Point Based to bring up the slide point based tissue wrapping tool.

Step 38: Create slide points on the sternocleidomastoid muscles
Use the panel above to create the slide points on the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The table below displays the parts and attachment locations for each muscle.

Setting up the Acceleration Mechanism

A translational joint is created between the upper_torso and the ground. A motion driver is then used to impose an acceleration curve on this joint. A scale function is imposed on the curve function to control the degree of acceleration.

Figure 19: Translational joint on the model to impose an acceleration on the upper_torso of the model.

Step 39: Create a translational joint in the upper torso
Use the following ADAMS/View commands to create one marker on ground and one marker on the upper_torso. Then create the translational joint between the two markers:

marker cre marker_name = .World.ground.driver &
loc=-0.9199606299, 11.6839955672, 3.8495669291 &
orientation = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 &
relative_to = .World
marker cre marker_name = .World.Danny_Upper_Torso.driver &
loc=-0.9199606299, 11.6839955672, 3.8495669291 &
orientation = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 &
relative_to = .World
constraint create joint translational joint_name = .World.Driver &
i_marker_name = .World.Danny_Upper_Torso.driver &
j_marker_name = .World.ground.driver

Step 40: Create the translation motion to impose the acceleration
Create an ADAMS/View variable as a scale function for the acceleration profile using the following ADAMS/View command:

var create var=.World.DV_Gload real=-15

Create a ADAMS/View motion generator which steps the acceleration profile on from .15 seconds and off at .2 seconds using the following command:

constraint create motion_generator motion_name = .World.Mdriver &
joint_name = .World.Driver &
type_of_freedom = translational &
function = "(.World.DV_Gload)*386*(step(time,.1,0,.15,1)-step(time,.15,0,.2,1))" &
time_derivative = acceleration

Running the Simulations for the Frontal, Rear and Side Impacts

With the model fully built and the acceleration mechanism installed, simulations are performed for the three cases. To change the direction of the impact, the acceleration mechanism (translational joint) is simply rotated.

Figure 20: Successive frames of the rear_impact condition

Figure 21: Panel use to run the simulations

Step 41: Bring up analyze panel
Select ANALYZE on the main-menu and DYNAMICS on the sub-menu.

Step 42: Run the simulation
Specify the end time of the simulation as .5 second with 100 time steps using the contacts optimized integrator settings. Select ANALYZE.

Step 43: Save the first analysis
In the analyze panel above, select Save Analysis and give the analysis the name of Frontal_Impact.

Step 44: Set up the rear impact analysis
Change the sign of the acceleration scale factor using the following ADAMS/View command:

var create var=.World.DV_Gload real=7

Step 45: Run the simulation
Specify the end time of the simulation as .5 second with 100 time steps using the contacts optimized integrator settings. Select ANALYZE.

Step 46: Save the second analysis
In the analyze panel above, select Save Analysis and give the analysis the name of Rear_Impact.

Step 47: Set up the lateral impact analysis
Use the cursor to select the translational joint and rotate it 90 degrees. This will impose the acceleration from the side.

Step 48: Run the simulation
Specify the end time of the simulation as .5 second with 100 time steps using the contacts optimized integrator settings. Select ANALYZE.

Step 49: Save the second analysis
In the analyze panel above, select Save Analysis and give the analysis the name of Lateral_Impact.

Interrogating the Results

When the simulation is complete the model may be animated and the results reviewed.

Various data may be presented from the forward-dynamics simulation including:

• Individual muscle forces
• Individual ligament forces
• Disk compression forces
• Disk shear forces

Figure 22: Vertical upper_torso acceleration (top) and Muscle activations (bottom) for frontal impact case.

Figure 23: AP Shear strain for each disk

Figure 24: Interspinous ligament loads for the frontal collision

Figure 25: Results panel set up to plot the disk AP shear forces

Step 50: Bring up results panel
Select RESULTS in the main-menu and ANIMATION in the sub-menu.

Step 51: Display the frontal impact simulation
Turn on the local scaling of the muscle graphics by selecting Scale Joint/Tissue Graphics, Tissues, Scale Locally and the light bulb to scale the muscle graphics. Select Frontal_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select right view and animate.

Step 52: Display the rear impact simulation
Use the same animation parameters but select Rear_Impact as the default analysis. Select right view and animate.

Step 53: Display the side impact simulation
Use the same animation parameters but select Side_Impact as the default analysis. Select front view and animate.

Step 54: Bring up results panel
Select "Results Window" on the results panel to bring up the ADAMS results post processor window. Select DATA DISPLAY on the sub menu to bring up the results panel.

Step 55: Examine the muscle activation parameters for the frontal impact case
Enter .World.Frontal_Impact as the default analysis and select Apply. Select Soft Tissues as the data type and Select Danny_NStiss_38H as the soft tissue and Activation as the Characteristic. Select Create Full Plot to plot the muscle activations.

Step 56: Splint the plot window and swap the view
Use the following ADAMS/View commands to split the plotting window.

interface page modify layout=page2x1 set_contents = yes
view man swap view_name = view_1 , view_2
default plot plot=plot_2

Step 57: Examine the thoracic segment acceleration profile
Select Body_Motion as the Data Type. Select Danny_Upper_Torso as the Body Segment, CM_Acceleration as the Characteristic and Z as the Component.

Step 58: Examine the disk shear strain for the 15g frontal impact case
Select DATA DISPLAY in the sub-menu and Disks as the Data Type. Select the Force Characteristic and the AP shear Component. Select Create Full Plot for each disk force from Disk Danny_NSjoint_1 through Danny_NSjoint_8.

Step 59: Animate the model without muscle graphics
Select ANIMATION in the sub-menu. Select Muscles as the Tissues and toggle off in the BodySIM Display Toolbox. Select Frontal_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select divide window, right view and animate.

Step 60: Examine the disk bending loads for the 15g frontal impact case
Select DATA DISPLAY in the sub-menu and Disks as the Data Type. Select the Torque Characteristic and the Sagittal Component. Select Create Full Plot for each disk force from Disk Danny_NSjoint_1 through Danny_NSjoint_8.

Step 61: Animate the model without muscle graphics
Select ANIMATION in the sub-menu. Select Frontal_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select divide window, right view and animate.

Step 62: Examine the interspinous ligament loads for the 15g frontal impact case
Select DATA DISPLAY in the sub-menu and Tissues as the Data Type. Select the Tension Characteristic. Select Create Full Plot for the following soft tissue forces:

• Danny_NStiss_1P
• Danny_NStiss_2P
• Danny_NStiss_3P
• Danny_NStiss_4P
• Danny_NStiss_5P
• Danny_NStiss_113P
• Danny_NStiss_114P
• Danny_NStiss_115P

Step 63: Animate the model without muscle graphics
Select ANIMATION in the sub-menu.Turn on the local scaling of the ligament graphics by selecting Scale Joint/Tissue Graphics, Tissues, Scale Locally and the light bulb to scale the muscle graphics. Select Frontal_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select divide window, right view and animate.

Step 64: Examine the extension muscle loads for the frontal impact case
Select DATA DISPLAY in the sub-menu and Soft Tissues as the Data Type. Select the Tension Characteristic. Select Create Full Plot for the following soft tissue forces:

• Danny_NStiss_52H_slide_1
• Danny_NStiss_46H_slide_1
• Danny_NStiss_38H
• Danny_NStiss_70H_slide_1
• Danny_NStiss_72H
• Danny_NStiss_74H

Step 65: Animate the model with muscle graphics
Select ANIMATION in the sub-menu. Select Muscles as the Tissues and toggle on using the BodySIM Display Toolbox. Turn on the local scaling of the muscle graphics by selecting Scale Joint/Tissue Graphics, Tissues, Scale Locally and the light bulb to scale the muscle graphics. Select Frontal_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select divide window, back view and animate.

Step 66: Examine the disk shear strain for the 7g rear impact case
Select DATA DISPLAY in the sub-menu and Disks as the Data Type. Select Rear_Impact as the default analysis. Select the Force Characteristic and the AP shear Component. Select Create Full Plot for each disk force from Disk Danny_NSjoint_1 through Danny_NSjoint_8.

Step 67: Animate the model without muscle graphics
Select ANIMATION in the sub-menu. Select Muscles as the Tissues and toggle off in the BodySIM Display Toolbox. Select Rear_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select divide window, right view and animate.

Step 68: Examine the disk bending loads for the rear impact case
Select DATA DISPLAY in the sub-menu and Disks as the Data Type. Select the Torque Characteristic and the Sagittal Component. Select Create Full Plot for each disk force from Disk Danny_NSjoint_1 through Danny_NSjoint_8.

Step 69: Animate the model without muscle graphics
Select ANIMATION in the sub-menu. Select Rear_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select divide window, right view and animate.

Step 70: Examine the flaval ligament loads for the rear impact case
Select DATA DISPLAY in the sub-menu and Tissues as the Data Type. Select the Tension Characteristic. Select Create Full Plot for the following soft tissue forces:

• Danny_NStiss_14P
• Danny_NStiss_15P
• Danny_NStiss_16P
• Danny_NStiss_17P
• Danny_NStiss_18P
• Danny_NStiss_19P
• Danny_NStiss_20P
• Danny_NStiss_21P

Step 71: Animate the model with ligament graphics
Select ANIMATION in the sub-menu.Turn on the local scaling of the ligament graphics by selecting Scale Joint/Tissue Graphics, Tissues, Scale Locally and the light bulb to scale the muscle graphics. Select Rear_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select divide window, right view and animate.

Step 72: Examine the flexion muscle loads for the rear impact case
Select DATA DISPLAY in the sub-menu and Soft Tissues as the Data Type. Select the Tension Characteristic. Select Create Full Plot for the following soft tissue forces:

• Danny_NStiss_89H_slide_1
• Danny_NStiss_79H_slide_1
• Danny_NStiss_77H_slide_1

Step 73: Animate the model with muscle graphics
Select ANIMATION in the sub-menu. Select Muscles as the Tissues and toggle on using the BodySIM Display Toolbox. Turn on the local scaling of the muscle graphics by selecting Scale Joint/Tissue Graphics, Tissues, Scale Locally and the light bulb to scale the muscle graphics. Select Rear_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select divide window, front view and animate.

Step 74: Examine the disk shear strain for the 7g lateral impact case
Select DATA DISPLAY in the sub-menu and Disks as the Data Type. Select Lateral_Impact as the default analysis. Select the Force Characteristic and the AP shear Component. Select Create Full Plot for each disk force from Disk Danny_NSjoint_1 through Danny_NSjoint_8.

Step 75: Animate the model without muscle graphics
Select ANIMATION in the sub-menu. Select Muscles as the Tissues and toggle off in the BodySIM Display Toolbox. Select Lateral_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select divide window, front view and animate.

Step 76: Examine the disk bending loads for the rear impact case
Select DATA DISPLAY in the sub-menu and Disks as the Data Type. Select the Torque Characteristic and the Sagittal Component. Select Create Full Plot for each disk force from Disk Danny_NSjoint_1 through Danny_NSjoint_8.

Step 77: Animate the model without muscle graphics
Select ANIMATION in the sub-menu. Select Lateral_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select divide window, front view and animate.

Step 78: Examine the facet joint ligament loads for the lateral impact case
Select DATA DISPLAY in the sub-menu and Tissues as the Data Type. Select the Tension Characteristic. Select Create Full Plot for the following soft tissue forces:

• Danny_NStiss_23P
• Danny_NStiss_25P
• Danny_NStiss_27P
• Danny_NStiss_29P
• Danny_NStiss_31P
• Danny_NStiss_33P
• Danny_NStiss_35P
• Danny_NStiss_37P

Step 79: Animate the model with ligament graphics
Select ANIMATION in the sub-menu.Turn on the local scaling of the ligament graphics by selecting Scale Joint/Tissue Graphics, Tissues, Scale Locally and the light bulb to scale the muscle graphics. Select Lateral_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select divide window, front view and animate.

Step 80: Examine the lateral stabilizing muscle loads for the lateral impact case
Select DATA DISPLAY in the sub-menu and Soft Tissues as the Data Type. Select the Tension Characteristic. Select Create Full Plot for the following soft tissue forces:

• Danny_NStiss_89H_slide_1
• Danny_NStiss_79H_slide_1
• Danny_NStiss_77H_slide_1
• Danny_NStiss_63H_slide_1
• Danny_NStiss_53H_slide_1

Step 81: Animate the model with muscle graphics
Select ANIMATION in the sub-menu. Select Muscles as the Tissues and toggle on using the BodySIM Display Toolbox. Turn on the local scaling of the muscle graphics by selecting Scale Joint/Tissue Graphics, Tissues, Scale Locally and the light bulb to scale the muscle graphics. Select Lateral_Impact as the Default Analysis. Select Fix Camera to the Danny_Upper_Torso.cm marker. Select zoom with center coordinates of 0,25,.1 and a scale of 2.3. Select divide window, front view and animate.

Step 82: DEMO COMPLETE

Further

This model could be used to explore many aspects including:

• Various muscle/ligament parameters
• Various acceleration profiles